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Signal Transduction
Cells can communicate with each other through a process known as signal transduction. This involves long strings of chemical messages, often known as signal transduction cascades. Signal transduction cascades begin with a first messenger, such as a G-protein, hormone, neurotransmitter, or other messenger that binds to a unique receptor.
For most signal transduction pathways the first messenger receptor is on the surface of the cell; some first messengers, such as hormones, can penetrate the cell to find its receptor in the cytoplasm.
The first messenger then leads activation of downstream events through second, third, fourth, and sometimes even more chemical messengers. Signals are transmitted through a series of cells, each passing a message to the next until the destination is reached.
Generally the communication process occurs very quickly while the functional changes from protein activation or new protein synthesis can last several days or even for the lifetime of the cell. Signal transduction cascades are a critical means for cells to communicate with each other, dictating gene expression or activation of otherwise inactive molecules.
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